{"id":1202,"date":"2015-08-08T16:12:39","date_gmt":"2015-08-08T16:12:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/?page_id=1202"},"modified":"2015-08-25T14:41:17","modified_gmt":"2015-08-25T14:41:17","slug":"%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%84%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%84%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 ( \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a )"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u062d\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 , \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a , \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 , \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a , \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 , \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a , \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a , \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a , \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0647 , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a , \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 , \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d , \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0645\u0646 .\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a , \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643 \u0633\u0633\u062a\u0645 (limbic system ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647 (the basal regions of the cerebrum ) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0635 (Hypothalamus ), \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a , \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n

\"5\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Capture<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n

\"BrainMidsag\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a , \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0633 (Cerebral Cortex ) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 , \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0628<\/p>\n

\"human-brain-cross-section-345-274-14\"<\/a>
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644(Limbic Association Area) \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 (Area Association\u00a0 Prefrontal)\u00a0 (and premotor\u00a0 Supplemental) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n

\"90878709\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"img114\"<\/a>
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

4- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Limbic Association Area ) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u00a0 ) , \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a (functional MRI ) \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u00a0\u00a0 (behavior, emotions, and motivation )<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0627<\/span> : \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 , \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 .<\/p>\n

6- \u062d\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/span>\u00a0: \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644\u00a0 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646, \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 .<\/p>\n

7- \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628<\/span>\u00a0: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e ) \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 , \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0635\u00a0 Hypothalamus ) \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a : \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic system ) , \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a: 1) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u00a0 (brain stem) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a (reticular areas of the mesencephalon,( pons, and medulla \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 (2) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a (higher areas of the diencephalon and cerebrum, especially to the anterior thalamus and limbic portions of the cerebral cortex;)\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f ((THALAMUS \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic system ) \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 ( (cerebral cortex. \u00a03- \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 (hypothalamic infundibulum ) \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f (HYPOTHALAMUS ) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic system.) \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 732)<\/p>\n

.
\n<\/a>
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"6666666\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u00a0 (HYPOTHALAMUS) \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f (((THALAMUS \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (cerebral cortex ) \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f .<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 (Catecholamines ) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic system ) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n

3- \u0641\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Vasopressin) \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0632\u064a\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u00a0 (Osmoreceptors, volume receptors) .<\/p>\n

4- \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Oxytocin ) , \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

5- \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin,TSH \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

6- \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0643 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 (Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 (\u03b2<\/p>\n

7- -lipotropin (\u03b2-LPH) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643 \u0633\u0633\u062a\u0645 (Limbic system) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e (reticular formation) \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 , \u0648\u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0644 (blood cortisol level ) \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

8- \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0643 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 (Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 (luteinizing hormone(LH) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (Hypothalamic cells sensitive to estrogens,) \u00a0, \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0631 , \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

9- \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Prolactin ) \u0648\u0628\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 .<\/p>\n

10- \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 (Growth hormone) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (somatostatin ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n

11- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0631 (Osmoreceptors,)\u00a0 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0645 (organum vasculosumof the lamina terminalis \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u06462 (angiotensin II uptake)\u00a0\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

12- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u00a0 (Glucostat cells sensitive to rate of glucose utilization\u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 (leptinreceptors \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064a\u062f (polypeptides) .<\/p>\n

13- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0 (estrogen)\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (androgen ) \u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 .<\/p>\n

14- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0633 (neocortex) .<\/p>\n

15- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Control of body rhythms Retina via retinohypothalamic fibers ).<\/p>\n

)\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0635 275 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0TABLE 18\u20131Summary of principal hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 ((HYPOTHALAMUS)\u00a0 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a )<\/p>\n

1- \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0 (sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system )\u00a0 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u00a0 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a , \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u00a0 (\u0623\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 ), \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0642 , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 , \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0 (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 556)( \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 202\u00a0 \u0648 207 \u0648 208 ).<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 .<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 , \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 .<\/p>\n

4- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645<\/p>\n

5- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 .<\/p>\n

6- \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 .<\/p>\n

7- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a .<\/p>\n

8- \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

9- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 .<\/p>\n

10- \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u064a .<\/p>\n

11- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 .<\/p>\n

12- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

13- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a .<\/p>\n

14- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

15- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 .<\/p>\n

16- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a .<\/p>\n

17- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

18- \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n

19- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 , \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0635 ((HYPOTHALAMUS)<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 99,9% \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0635 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a , \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e (cerebral cortex ) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 , \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e , \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 5 \u0627\u0644\u0649 6 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 ( \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647 ) \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 . \u0648 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u00a0 Cerebral Cortex ) \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0627\u0644\u0649 47 , \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 1 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 4 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 22 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 17 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 18 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u064a 19 \u064844 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"987697\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Primary visual) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Secondary visual) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Primary auditory) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Secondary auditory) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Primary somatic) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Secondary somatic )\u00a0 , \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Primary motor\u00a0 )\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (Supplemental and premotor ) , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a\u00a0 (Limbic Association Area )\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Capture<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 (Vision ) , \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a (Visual processing of words ) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 (Spatial coordinates of body and surroundings ) , \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 (Naming of objects )\u00a0 ,\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0646\u0643 (Wernicke\u2018s Area) \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0 (Language comprehension intelligence ), \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a (Somatosensory ) , \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 (Auditory ) , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 (Motor ) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627 (Broca\u2018s Area ) \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a (Word formation ), \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic Association Area ) \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 (Behavior emotions, motivation)\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 (Planning complex movements and elaboration of thoughts) \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 , \u0623\u064a 1-\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Limbic Association Area ) \u0648 2-\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Capture<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (cerebral cortex ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Limbic Association Area ) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 (Planning complex movements and elaboration of thoughts ) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627 (Broca\u2018s Area ) \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic system ) \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 , \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 , \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a ( \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628) \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"998887776\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"90878709\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 , \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0635\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647: \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627: ” \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0645 ” \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0647\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a. (\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637) .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u0629\u064f : \u0642\u064f\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u0646\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0650 : \u0623\u0634\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645 (\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621) .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0642\u0650\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0635\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645, \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"img026\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Limbic Association Area ) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a (functional MRI ) \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u00a0\u00a0 (behavior, emotions, and motivation ) ( \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0635 717 )\u00a0 ,\u00a0 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 (This limbic system provides most of the emotional drives for activating other areas of the brain and even provides motivational drive for the process of learning itself ) \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a (hypothalamus ) \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a (Limbic system ), \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a ( \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 ) \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0642, \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0628 , \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 ( \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u0635 171 ) , \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 , \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (Cerebral Cortex ) \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631(Prefrontal Association Area ) \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0643\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 , \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u00a0 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a .
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\n<\/a><\/p>\n

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(1)<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 – (\u062c 5 \/ \u0635 155)<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 : ( \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0634\u0623 \u064a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628\u0643) \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 : \u0625\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0623 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0645\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0627\u0643 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0644\u0628 : \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0639 .\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649)<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (\u00a0 hypothalamus) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e (Cerebrum), \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

(the anatomical structures of the limbic system, demonstrating that they are an interconnected complex of basal brain elements. Located in the middle of all these is the extremely small hypothalamus, which from a physiologic point of view is one of the central elements of the limbic system)(\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0635731 )\u00a0 ,\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632 (neurotransmitter) \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 , \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 (especially to the hypothalamus and the limbic system. The dopamine is believed to act as an inhibitory transmitter in the basal ganglia )(\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 731),\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (acetylcholine ) , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 , \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 , \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 , \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a (Sensitization is in a sense the opposite of habituation. Sensitization is the prolonged occurrence of augmented postsynaptic<\/p>\n

responses after a stimulus to which one has become habituated is paired once or several times with a noxious stimulus. At least in the sea snail<\/p>\n

Aplysia, the noxious stimulus causes discharge<\/p>\n

of serotonergic neurons that end on the presynaptic endings of sensory neurons. Thus, sensitization is due to presynaptic facilitation.\u00a0 Sensitization may occur as a transient response, or if it is reinforced by additional pairings of the noxious stimulus and the initial stimulus, it can exhibit features of short-term or long term memory.)(\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 291 ) .\u00a0 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 (\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0651\u064e \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0642\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e (14) ) \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 , \u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 , \u0648\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (hypothalamus) , \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 , \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (Cerebral Cortex ) \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 , \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 , \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u00a0 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 .<\/p>\n

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(However, he or she is often unable to interpret the meaning of the sound heard. For instance, lesions in the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus,\u00a0 which is called Wernicke\u2019s area and is part of the auditory association cortex, often make it impossible for a person to interpret the meanings of words even though he or she hears them perfectly well and can even repeat them )(\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 659 )<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

(2)<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 hypothalamus)) \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628,\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 , \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0631 (\u00a0\u00a0 The connections of the hippocampus to the diencephalon are also involved in memory. Some people with alcoholism related\u00a0 brain damage develop impairment of recent memory,\u00a0 and the memory loss correlates well with the presence of pathologic changes in the mamillary bodies, which have extensive efferent connections to the hippocampus via the fornix. The mamillary\u00a0 bodies project to the anterior thalamus via the mamillothalamic tract,)(\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0643 293)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0629 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a) \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628)<\/p>\n

(The amygdala is closely associated with the hippocampus and is concerned with encoding and recalling emotionally charged memories. During retrieval of fearful memories, the theta rhythms of the amygdala and the hippocampus become synchronized. In normal humans, events associated with strong emotions are remembered better than events without an emotional charge, but in patients with bilateral lesions of the amygdala, this difference is absent.(\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627<\/p>\n

(These individuals perform poorly on memory tests, but they spontaneously describe events that never occurred. This has been called honest lying\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0) (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0635293) .<\/p>\n

, \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u0634 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0647 (Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial areas of the<\/p>\n

hypothalamus cause effects that are mainly opposite to those caused by lesions of the lateral hypothalamus: excessive drinking and eating as<\/p>\n

well as hyperactivity and often continuous savagery along with frequent bouts of extreme rage on the slightest provocation.( \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0643 735 )<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628 , \u0641\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 , \u0641\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0646 , \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(3)<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Senile plaque) ) \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0631 , \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 , \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 ( \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635295 ) , \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 (the major reward centers have been found to be located along the course of the medial forebrain bundle, especially in the lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus )<\/p>\n

the most potent areas for punishment and escape tendencies have been<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

(4)<\/span><\/h1>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u00a0 , \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

(6)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

{ \u062d\u0635\u0631\u062a } \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 )\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 ,\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span>\u064a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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(.To aid in this function, it receives strong input through a massive subcortical bundle of nerve fibers connecting the parieto-occipitotemporal association area with the prefrontal association area. Through this bundle, the prefrontal cortex receives much preanalyzed sensory information, especially information on the spatial coordinates of the body that is necessary for planning effective movements ) (\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646717<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n

Elaboration of Thought, Prognostication, and Performance of Higher Intellectual Functions by the Prefrontal Areas\u2014Concept of a \u201cWorking Memory.\u201d Another function that has been ascribed to the prefrontal areas by psychologists and neurologists is elaboration of thought. This means simply an increase in depth and abstractness of the different thoughts put together from multiple sources of information.\u00a0 This ability of the prefrontal areas to keep track of many bits of information simultaneously and to cause recall of this information instantaneously as it is needed for subsequent thoughts is called the brain\u2019s\u00a0 \u201cworking memory.\u201d This could well explain the many functions of the brain that we associate with higher intelligence.<\/p>\n

In fact, studies have shown that the prefrontal areas are divided into separate segments for storing different types of temporary memory, such as one area for storing shape and form of an object or a part of the body and another for storing movement By combining all these temporary bits of working memory,<\/p>\n

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we have the abilities to (1) prognosticate; (2)\u00a0 plan for the future; (3) delay action in response to incoming sensory signals so that the sensory information can be weighed until the best course of response is decided; (4) consider the consequences of motor actions before they are performed; (5) solve complicated mathematical, legal, or philosophical problems;\u00a0 (6) correlate all avenues of information in diagnosing rare diseases; and (7) control our activities in accord with moral laws<\/p>\n

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(\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0635 720).<\/p>\n

Although people without prefrontal cortices can still think, they show little concerted thinking in logical sequence for longer than a few seconds or a minute or so at most. One of the results is that people without prefrontal cortices are easily distracted from their central theme of thought, whereas people with functioning prefrontal cortices can drive themselves to completion of their thought goals irrespective of distractions<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639<\/p>\n

– Their level of aggressiveness was decreased,\u00a0 sometimes markedly, and, in general, they lost ambition.\u00a0 – Their social responses were often inappropriate for the occasion, often including loss of morals and little reticence in relation to sex and excretion.\u00a0 – The patients could still talk and comprehend language, but they were unable to carry through any long trains of thought, and their moods changed rapidly from sweetness to rage to exhilaration to madness<\/p>\n

– \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n

– \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645\u0629,\u00a0 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 ) \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0648 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(7)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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<\/h1>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 : \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645 : \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0647 ) \u0648(\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649: \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 ) \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u064a \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (hypothalamus ) \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a , \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0626\u0629 (\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 )\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 , \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 , \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u061f , \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062f , \u0648\u0636\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0627 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0641\u0631 , \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 , \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 , \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 , \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644<\/p>\n

The new and old are compared for similarities and differences, and part of the storage process is to store the information about these similarities and differences, rather than to store the new information unprocessed\u00a0 (\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 726 )<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 , \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 (\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 736 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 , \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0638\u0627 , \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Among these motivations is the drive in the brain to remember those experiences and thoughts that are either pleasant or unpleasant ) \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 726 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 (\u0648\u064e\u0623\u064f\u0634\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0642\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u0650\u062c\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0628\u0650\u0643\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631 ) , \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a – \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 – \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 – \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 – : \u00ab \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0648 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u00bb (\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c (2911)). \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0643 – \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 – \u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 – \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 – \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 . \u0648\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 – \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 – \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 – \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 – \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 : \u00ab \u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u00bb (\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 – (\u062c 37 \/ \u0635 170)) \u0641\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(9)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0622\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0643\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u0650\u062b\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0642\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0642\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0628\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0622\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0644\u0650\u0642\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064d \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0642\u0650\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e (118) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627 ,\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643” \u062a\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0642\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0652” \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0650\u064a\u0647\u0650 \u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0629 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0650 \u0635\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 : \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 (hippocampi) \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

Among these motivations is the drive in the brain to remember those experiences and)<\/p>\n

thoughts that are either pleasant or unpleasant. The hippocampi especially and to a lesser degree the dorsal medial nuclei of the thalamus, another limbic structure,<\/p>\n

have proved especially important in making the decision about which of our thoughts are important enough on a basis of reward or punishment to be worthy of memory)<\/p>\n

(\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 726)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 , \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 (\u0648\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e) \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0643\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u0650\u062b\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0642\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652) \u0641\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a, \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 , \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 , \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 , \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 , \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0646) \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 , \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 , \u0627\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629<\/p>\n

The amygdala is a complex of multiple small nuclei located immediately beneath the cerebral cortex of the medial anterior pole of each temporal lobe. It has abundant bidirectional connections with the hypothalamus as well as with other areas of the limbic system<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u063a\u064a (\u00a0 temporal lobe ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0647 , \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

One of the most important features of consolidation is that new memories are codified into different classes of information During this process, similar types of information are pulled from the memory storage\u00a0 bins and used to help process the new information.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0645 , \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 , \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 , \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

<\/h1>\n

(10)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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But why are the hippocampi so important in helping the brain to store new memories? The probable answer is that the hippocampi are among the most important output pathways from the \u201creward\u201d and \u00a0\u201cpunishment\u201d areas of the limbic system<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 726<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Among these motivations is the drive in the brain to remember those experiences and thoughts that are either pleasant or unpleasant. The hippocampi especially and to a lesser degree ‘4the dorsal medial nuclei of the thalamus, another limbic structure, have proved especially important in making the decision about which of our thoughts are important enough on a basis of reward or punishment to be worthy of memory.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\n<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

Mechanism of Involuntary Locking Fixation\u2014Role of the Superior Colliculi. The involuntary locking type of fixation discussed in the previous section results from a negative feedback mechanism that prevents the object of attention from leaving the foveal portion of the retina. \u00a0The eyes normally have three types of continuous but almost imperceptible movements: (1) a continuous tremor at a rate of 30 to 80 cycles per second caused by successive contractions of the motor units in the ocular muscles, (2) a slow drift of the eyeballs in one direction or another, and (3) sudden flicking movements that are controlled by the involuntary fixation mechanism .\u00a0 When a spot of light has become fixed on the foveal region of the retina, the tremulous movements cause the spot to move back and forth at a rapid rate across the cones, and the drifting movements cause the spot to drift slowly across the cones. Each time the spot drifts as far as the edge of the fovea, a sudden reflex reaction occurs, producing a flicking movement that moves the spot away from this edge back toward the center of the fovea. Thus, an automatic response moves the image back toward the central point of vision. These drifting and flicking motions are demonstrated in Figure 51\u20139, which shows by the dashed lines the slow drifting across the fovea and by the solid lines the flicks that keep the image from leaving the foveal region. This involuntary fixation capability is mostly lost when the superior colliculi are destroyed.(<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

(12)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647 . { \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 } . . \u0648\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 , \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a 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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 , \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f ..\u0627\u0644\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (cerebral cortex ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0629 , \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f (cerebral cortex ) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631 (Secondary visual\u00a0 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u063a\u064a (Temporal lobe )\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 (Prefrontal area ) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 (Limbic Association \u00a0Area ) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (hypothalamus ) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 (hippocampi ) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0629 (\u00a0 ), \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 (Prefrontal area ) \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 (Supplemental and premotor ) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 (Primary motor ) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631(Prefrontal area) \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628( hypothalamus )\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (premotor )\u00a0 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (hypothalamus ) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

An emotional pattern that involves the punishment centers of the hypothalamus and other limbic structures, and has also been well characterized, is the rage pattern, described as follows. Strong stimulation of the punishment centers of the brain, especially in the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus and in the lateral hypothalamus, causes the animal to (1) develop a defense posture, (2) extend its claws, (3) lift its tail, (4) hiss, (5) spit, (6) growl, and \u00a0(7) develop piloerection, wide-open eyes, and dilated pupils. Furthermore, even the slightest provocation causes an immediate savage attack. This is approximately the behavior that one would expect from an animal being severely punished, and it is a pattern of behavior that is called rage<\/p>\n

(735-736 ) \u00a0\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 , \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a , \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 , \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f .<\/p>\n

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(\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0635 720)<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fortunately, in the normal animal, the rage phenomenon is held in check mainly by inhibitory signals from the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. In addition, portions of the hippocampi and anterior limbic cortex, especially in the anterior cingulate gyri and subcallosal gyri, help suppress the rage phenomenon.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 ). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Exactly the opposite emotional behavior patterns occur when the reward centers are stimulated: placidity and tameness<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f (\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 736)<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(13)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

Stimulation of several regions in the diencephalon can also promote sleep, including (1) the rostral part of the hypothalamus, mainly in the suprachiasmal area, and (2) an occasional area in the diffuse nuclei of the thalamus.<\/p>\n

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Then, after the brain remains activated for many hours, even the neurons themselves in the activating system presumably become fatigued. Consequently, the positive feedback cycle between the mesencephalic reticular nuclei and the cerebral cortex fades, \u00a0and the sleep-promoting effects of the sleep centers take over, leading to rapid transition from wakefulness back to sleep. \u00a0This overall theory could explain the rapid transitions from sleep to wakefulness and from wakefulness to sleep. It could also explain arousal, the insomnia that occurs when a person\u2019s mind becomes preoccupied with a thought, and the wakefulness that is produced by bodily physical activity.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dyspnea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dyspnea\u00a0<\/em>means mental anguish associated with inability to ventilate enough to satisfy the demand for air. A common synonym is\u00a0air hunger<\/em>.<\/p>\n

At least three factors often enter into the development of the sensation of dyspnea. They are (1) abnormality of respiratory gases in the body fluids, especially hypercapnia and, to a much less extent, hypoxia; (2)<\/p>\n

the amount of work that must be performed by the respiratory muscles to provide adequate ventilation; and (3) state of mind.<\/p>\n

A person becomes very dyspneic especially from excess buildup of carbon dioxide in the body fluids. At times, however, the levels of both carbon dioxide and oxygen in the body fluids are normal, but to attain this normality of the respiratory gases, the person has to breathe forcefully. In these instances, the forceful activity of the respiratory muscles frequently gives the person a sensation of dyspnea.<\/p>\n

Finally, the person\u2019s respiratory functions may be normal and still dyspnea may be experienced because of an abnormal state of mind. This is called\u00a0neurogenic dyspnea\u00a0<\/em>or\u00a0emotional dyspnea<\/em>. For instance, almost<\/p>\n

anyone momentarily thinking about the act of breathing may suddenly start taking breaths a little more deeply than ordinarily because of a feeling of mild dyspnea<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 532<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

Some of the important acute effects of hypoxia in the unacclimatized person breathing air, beginning at an altitude of about 12,000 feet, are drowsiness, lassitude, \u00a0mental and muscle fatigue, sometimes headache, occasionally nausea, and sometimes euphoria. These effects progress to a stage of twitchings or seizures above 18,000 feet and end, above 23,000 feet in the unacclimatized person, in coma, followed shortly thereafter by death. \u00a0One of the most important effects of hypoxia is decreased mental proficiency, which decreases judgment, memory, and performance of discrete motor movements. For instance, if an unacclimatized aviator stays at 15,000 feet for 1 hour, mental proficiency ordinarily falls to about 50 per cent of normal, and after 18 hours at this level it falls to about 20 per cent of normal<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 539<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The immediate increase in pulmonary ventilation on rising to a high altitude blows off large quantities of carbon dioxide, reducing the Pco2 and increasing the pH of the body fluids. These changes\u00a0inhibit\u00a0<\/em>the brain stem respiratory center and thereby\u00a0oppose the effect of low PO2 to stimulate respiration by way of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies<\/em>. But during the ensuing 2 to 5 days, this inhibition fades away, allowing the respiratory center<\/p>\n

to respond with full force to the peripheral chemoreceptor stimulus from hypoxia, and ventilation increases to about five times normal.<\/p>\n

The cause of this fading inhibition is believed to be mainly a reduction of bicarbonate ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid as well as in the brain tissues.<\/p>\n

This in turn decreases the pH in the fluids surrounding the chemosensitive neurons of the respiratory center, thus increasing the respiratory stimulatory activity of the center<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 539<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 716 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a , \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647 , \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u00a0( \u0641\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0650\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u064a\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u0635\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0645\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0650\u062f\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0650\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u064a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0635\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0636\u064e\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u064a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062c\u0652\u0633\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0644\u0627\u064e \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e (125)<\/p>\n

Immediate exposure to low Po2 stimulates the arterial chemoreceptors, and this increases alveolar ventilation to a maximum of about 1.65 times normal<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 (PO2 ) \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1.65\u00a0\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 ,\u0648\u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627, \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 , \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0627 , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a , \u0627\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 ,\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a , \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a , \u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 ,\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 , \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

<\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 510\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 1270\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 774\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 803\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 982\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 373\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 468\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 450\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 – \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 542\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0635 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 775\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 538\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 911\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 – \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 745\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0645\u062f<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 885\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 1385\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 1250\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 597\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 – \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 – (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 68\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 817 \u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 150\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u062d\u0642\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 850\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 710\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 465\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 310\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 1376\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 741\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 864\u0647\u0640) \u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 875\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 283\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 : \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 : 685\u0647\u0640)<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n

T E X T B O O K of Medical Physiology E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N Arthur C. Guyton, M.D. John E. Hall, Ph.<\/p>\n

Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Ganong\u2019s<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 , \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 , \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 , \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1202","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1202"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1202\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1268,"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1202\/revisions\/1268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuran-icaz.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}